PK B1Noa, mimetypeapplication/epub+zipPK B1N META-INF/PK B1N? META-INF/container.xml
Black to play and kill the white stones.
If Black turns at 1, the white stones will die. White 2 is answered by Black 3 and White is left with a dead eye space.
If White throws in at 2, Black captures with 3. After White 4 —
Black connects at 5 and White is left with a killable five-point eye space after he captures the five black stones.
PK B1N/[H H OPS/prob6.xhtmlCompared with Problem 5, White has an extra liberty. Where should Black play and what is the result?
In this case, the placement of Black 1, setting up a ko, is the best move.
As we saw in the failure diagram of Problem 5, a ko results when White throws in at 4.
With a white liberty at A, attaching at 1 fails. After Black descends to 3, White can atari with 4, capture the black stones, and live. For this reason, getting a ko in the previous diagram is a success for Black.
If White has two liberties, for example at A and B, his stones are unconditionally alive. If Black tries to set up a ko with the sequence to 5 —
White will atari at 6. Black can’t connect at A because of the rule forbidding suicide, so White can capture the three stones in the corner and get two eyes.
PK B1NF OPS/preface.xhtmlKilling isolated groups or finding a way to make two eyes for them is an important technique that every Go player must acquire. Positions in which you must determine whether a group is alive or dead occur in almost every game, and the player whose skill at killing a group or finding the moves that will give his own group two eyes stands the better chance of staging an upset. In fact, life and death is regarded as so important that apprentices studying to become Go professionals are required to spend many hours each day solving life-and-death problems in order to improve their analytical abilities. Solving a life-and-death problem requires the reading out of the solution as well as the numerous variations and moves that the opponent may respond with. This often requires reading more than six moves deep and keeping a picture in your mind of the resulting positions of all variations. Such activity can be likened to mental weight training.
Although this is first and foremost a problem book (containing 230 problems), the explanations of the main topics make it useful as an introduction to life and death and it should be accessible to players who have read an introductory Go book and played a few games. Divided into three parts, the first part systematically covers the basics of life and death, starting with the fundamental concept of eye space. Next, the three essential tesujis used to kill groups are introduced: the hane, the placement and the throw-in. In another section the reader is shown when it is appropriate to expand his eye space and when he should fall back and play on a vital point. Also included in this part are a complete explanation of the bent-four-in-the-corner shape and the ten-thousand-year ko. The last two sections in this part present a thorough analysis of the comb formation and the carpenter’s square.
Part Two contains 78 life-and-death problems of positions that arise from josekis and their variants. In many of the standard patterns presented, small changes are made in the configuration of nearby stones and the effect on the status of the group under siege is illustrated in a series of problems. The material in this part is aimed at stronger players.
The final part contains 64 problems for the reader to review and practice the principles learned in the first two parts.
Finally, I would like to thank Richard Hunter for his invaluable advice and thorough proof reading of the manuscript.
Richard Bozulich
August 1997
PK B1N OPS/css/PK B1N[ OPS/css/style.css/* CSS for Go Books – https://gobooks.com */ /* Copyright © 2019 Smart Go, Inc. All rights reserved. */ html { text-rendering: optimizeLegibility !important; } h1, h2, h3 { -webkit-hyphens: none !important; } h1, h2, h3, h4, h5 { page-break-after: avoid !important; } h2, h3, h4, h5 :first-child { margin-top: 0 !important; } .break { page-break-before: always; } h1 { font-size: 1.65em; font-weight: bold; margin: 0 0 1.2em 0; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } h2 { font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: bold; margin: 1.2em 0 0.8em 0; text-align: center; } h3 { font-size: 1.05em; font-weight: bold; margin: 1.6em 0 0.4em 0; } h4 { font-size: 1em; font-weight: bold; margin: 1.6em 0 0.4em 0; } h5 { font-size: 1em; font-weight: normal; margin: 1.2em 0 0.4em 0; } .s1 { font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; margin: 1.4em 0 1.6em 0; } .s2 { font-size: 1.22em; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; margin: 1.2em 0 1.2em 0; } p { line-height: 1.3em !important; margin: 0.8em 0 0.8em 0; } div, figure, svg, figcaption { padding: 0; margin: 0; } ul, ol { margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1.5em; } video { text-align: center; } section.chapter { page-break-after: always; } a:link, a:visited, a:hover, a:active { color: #00268F !important; text-decoration: none; } div.cover { text-align: center; } img.cover { max-width: 100%; } img { width: auto; height: auto; margin-top: 0.5em; } figure.svg { width: 100%; height: auto; } figure { page-break-inside: avoid; max-width: 100%; max-height: 75%; margin: 0; padding: 0; } figcaption { text-align: center; font-style: italic; font-size: 0.89em; color: #666666; line-height: 1em; text-indent: 0; } .disabledLink { color: #666666; } .underline { text-decoration: underline; } .center { text-align: center; } .left { text-align: left; } .right { text-align: right; } .firstindent { text-indent: 1em; } .tail { margin-right: 10em; } .block { margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; } .indent { margin-left: 2em; } .bullet { padding-left: 4em; text-indent: -4em; } .bulletempty { padding-left: 4em; } .text { margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.2em; text-indent: 1em; } .first { margin-bottom: 0.2em; } .error { color: red; } .dia90 { width: 90%; max-height: 100%; } .dia75 { width: 75%; max-height: 100%; } .dia66 { width: 65%; max-height: 100%; } .dia50 { width: 46%; max-height: 100%; } .dia33 { width: 30.6%; max-height: 100%; } .c19 { width: 100%; max-height: 90%; } .c18 { width: 94.7%; max-height: 90%; } .c17 { width: 89.5%; max-height: 90%; } .c16 { width: 84.2%; max-height: 90%; } .c15 { width: 78.9%; max-height: 90%; } .c14 { width: 73.7%; max-height: 90%; } .c13 { width: 68.4%; max-height: 90%; } .c12 { width: 63.1%; max-height: 90%; } .c11 { width: 57.9%; max-height: 90%; } .c10 { width: 52.6%; max-height: 90%; } .c9 { width: 47.4%; max-height: 90%; } .c8 { width: 42.1%; max-height: 90%; } .c7 { width: 36.8%; max-height: 90%; } .c6 { width: 31.6%; max-height: 90%; } .c5 { width: 26.3%; max-height: 90%; } .c4 { width: 21.0%; max-height: 90%; } .img75 { max-width: 75%; height: auto; } .img50 { max-width: 50%; height: auto; } .img33 { max-width: 33%; height: auto; } .img30 { max-width: 30%; height: auto; } .border { border: thin solid #333; } .shadow { box-shadow: 3px 3px 3px 0px #bbb; } figure.center { display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-bottom: 0.5em; } figure.middle { display: inline-block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-bottom: 0.5em; } figure.left { float: left; display: inline-block; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 4%; padding-bottom: 0.5em; } figure.right { float: right; display: inline-block; margin-right: 0; margin-left: 4%; padding-bottom: 0.5em; } div.center { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 0 0 0.5em 0; } div.left { float: left; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 4%; padding: 0 0 0.5em 0; } div.right { float: right; margin-right: 0; margin-left: 4%; padding: 0 0 0.5em 0; } .col1 { float: left; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 4%; padding: 0 0 0.5em 0; } .col2 { float: left; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 0 0 0.5em 0; } .col3 { float: right; margin-right: 0; margin-left: 4%; padding: 0 0 0.5em 0; } .fig { page-break-inside: avoid; } .replay { position: relative; float: left; width: 100%; height: 0px; top: -1em; visibility: hidden; overflow: visible; } .slider { margin-left: 3%; width: 30%; display: inline-block; visibility: hidden; overflow: visible; } .prev { float: right; margin-right: 3%; display: inline-block; visibility: hidden; overflow: visible;} .next { float: right; margin-right: 3%; display: inline-block; visibility: hidden; overflow: visible;} .group { page-break-inside: avoid; display: block; } .group::after { content: ""; clear: both; display: table; } button { margin: 0; } #epub-check { background-color: #DDDDDD; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid black; margin-top: 2em; } .box { background-color: #E6E6E8; border: 2px solid #4C4F4F; padding: 0 1em 0 1em; page-break-inside: avoid; } .hint svg { float: left; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0.5em; padding: 0 0 0.5em 0; width: 32px; } .hint p { visibility: hidden; } .videoWrapper { position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; /* 16:9 */ padding-top: 25px; height: 0; } .videoWrapper iframe { position: relative; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; } .b0 { margin-bottom: 0; } .t0b0 { margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; } .t5b0 { margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0; } .t0 { margin-top: 0; } .t2b2p20i_20 { margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em; } .t5b2p20i_20 { margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em; } .t5b2 { margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.2em; } .t5 { margin-top: 0.5em; } .t8b2 { margin-top: 0.8em; margin-bottom: 0.2em; } PK B1NIA% % OPS/prob4.xhtmlBlack to play and kill the white stones.
Black 1 is the vital point. White’s stones are now dead. If necessary, Black can later play at either A or B.
Filling an outside liberty with Black 1 gives White a chance. White throws in at 2 and 4, and Black is left with a disadvantageous ko after 6. If Black 7 connects at 4, White captures at 2 and gets a live eye space.
PK B1N[ OPS/buy.xhtmlBuy the full book at gobooks.com
© 1997 by Richard Bozulich
PK B1N OPS/js/PK B1N//. OPS/js/gobooks.js// Replay diagrams in Go books – https://gobooks.com // Copyright © 2019 Smart Go, Inc. All rights reserved. var runEPubScripts = function() { var ePubCheck = document.getElementById('epub-check'); if (!ePubCheck) { return; } var ePubInfo = "This ePub reader supports JavaScript, but not the full ePub reading system. Interactive diagrams may work."; ePubCheck.innerHTML = ePubInfo; var rso = navigator.epubReadingSystem; if (!rso) { return; } ePubInfo = ""; var name = rso.name; if (name) { ePubInfo += name; } var version = rso.version; if (version) { ePubInfo += " " + version; } var hasDomManipulation = rso.hasFeature("dom-manipulation"); var hasMouseEvents = rso.hasFeature("mouse-events"); var hasTouchEvents = rso.hasFeature("touch-events") if (!hasDomManipulation || !(hasMouseEvents || hasTouchEvents)) { if (!hasDomManipulation) { ePubInfo += "Black to play and kill the white stones.
Black 1 kills the white stones. Even if White connects at 2, he is still dead. If necessary, Black could prove this by filling the outside liberties and adding a stone at A, which would leave White with a killable five-point eye space after he captures the five black stones.
Preventing Black from making a five-point clump by playing White 2 also fails. When all the outside liberties are filled, White will be in atari. His only option is to capture the four black stones, but his group will be left with a killable four-point eye space.
PK B1N\@^&1 &1 OPS/prob1.xhtmlWhere is the vital point for Black in this position?
Black 1 prevents White from giving him a dead five-point eye space. After 3, Black will capture four white stones, to end up with a live four-point eye space.
If Black 1, White will play 2 and Black is left with a killable five-point eye space after he captures with 3 —
White makes a placement at 4 ensuring that Black will get only one eye. Black’s five-point eye space is dead.
PK B1N` 8( ( OPS/prob10.xhtmlWhere is the vital point for Black to live in this position?
Black 1 is the vital point. Even if White connects at 2, Black will live because he ends up with a bent four-point eye space. Eventually, Black will have to connect at A and capture the four white stones.
If Black captures at 1, White ataries at 2 and White can fight a ko for the life of the black stones. If White connects this ko, Black ends up with a dead five-point eye space.
PK B1Nn!/ / OPS/prob5.xhtmlBlack to play and kill the group with the six-point eye space in the corner.
Since all of White’s outside liberties are filled, Black can kill the white stones by attaching at 1.
It is futile for White to play 2. After Black 3, White can’t atari at A because he is short of liberties. White is dead.
The placement of Black 1 fails. After Black plays 3, White can start a ko by throwing in at 4.
PK B1Np OPS/coverPage.xhtml© 1997 by Richard Bozulich
by Richard Bozulich
Buy the full book at gobooks.com
This ePub reader does not support full scripting, so diagrams may not be interactive.
PK B1NSUTF TF OPS/prob7.xhtmlWhite has a seven-point eye space. Where should Black play and what is the result?
Black can get a seki by playing at 1. However, this move is not sente —
White plays elsewhere with 2, then answers Black 3 with 4. The result is seki after White 6.
If White immediately answers Black 1 with 2, the result is still a seki after Black 5.
It is possible to kill this seven-point eye only if you can create a ‘flower six’ eye shape with Black 1. For this position to arise from the position in Problem 7, White would have to ignore two Black moves.
PK B1Nx x OPS/p1killing.xhtmlIn many life-and-death problems, the key is to build a killing shape of stones that almost fills the eye space. ‘Almost’ here means leaving only one liberty vacant. This is essential. The following examples elaborate on this.
In Dia. 18, White has a six-point eye space, but it is almost filled with black stones. The five-stone clump of black stones is a killing shape.
When the outside liberties in Dia. 18 are filled with the marked stones in Dia. 19, Black 1 is atari because White has only one vacant liberty inside his eye, so White must capture. But this leaves him with a killable five-point eye space.
Black 3 in Dia. 20 kills the white group.
In Dia. 21, White has two vacant inside liberties at A and B. The black stones are not ‘almost’ filling the eye space, so when the outside liberties are filled, White won’t be in atari. However, Black can add a stone inside at A, since this produces a killing-five clump of stones.
Note that Black must not add his stone at B or White will be alive when he captures the black stones. If White plays a stone inside his own eye at either A or B, he just makes the eye space smaller.
In Dia. 22 also, White has two vacant inside liberties. The black stones are not ‘almost’ filling the eye space, so when the outside liberties are filled, White won’t be in atari. However, if Black adds a stone at either C or D, the shape he makes is not a killing shape. Therefore, Black should not add a stone. The position is a seki, so White is alive. Note that White must not play C or D himself. That would be suicidal, since the three black stones are a killing shape and White would only have one inside liberty left, so he would be in atari when all the outside liberties are filled.
Here is an example that applies these principles. In Dia. 23, it is Black’s turn to play. He has to build a killing shape of stones. How does he do this?
If Black simply connects at 1 in Dia. 24, White will play 2, making the position of Dia. 22. White is alive in a seki.
Black 1 in Dia. 25 is the key move. If White connects at 2, Black 3 creates the shape in Dia. 21. There is nothing White can do to stop Black from adding one more stone to ‘almost’ fill his eye space with a killing-five shape.
If White captures a stone with 2 in Dia. 26, Black sets up a snapback when he plays 3.
Finally, we give for reference all the shapes that create dead eye spaces, from the single stone to the six-stone clump, the largest shape which can kill an eye space by almost filling it. These are the black groups in Dia. 27. The marked stone shows where Black plays back to prevent White from making two eyes after his stones are captured. Note how they all fit into a 3x3 square. Any shape extending beyond is sure to fail, unless White’s group has cutting points.
The four-, five-, and six-stone clumps of white stones are some of the many shapes that fail to kill an eye space they are almost filling.
PK B1N OPS/img/PK B1N { OPS/img/sg0034_ki_k58_cover.jpg JFIF tExif MM * > F( i N H 8Photoshop 3.0 8BIM 8BIM% ُ B~ ICC_PROFILE appl mntrRGB XYZ 9acspAPPL APPL -appl desc P bdscm cprt #wtpt rXYZ gXYZ bXYZ rTRC aarg vcgt 4 0ndin d >chad ,mmod (bTRC gTRC aabg aagg desc Display mluc &